Assessing Willingness to Accept Compensation and Willingness to Pay for Kipkunur Forest Ecosystem Conservation in Elgeyo Marakwet County, Kenya
Silah Kiplimo Misoi,
Joel Sumukwo,
Paul Okello Odwori
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 5, October 2019
Pages:
88-95
Received:
26 August 2019
Accepted:
19 September 2019
Published:
9 October 2019
Abstract: Public forests provide a variety of goods and services to communities whose opportunity cost is related to the value of alternative goods and services. This study sought to assess expressed conservation value of Kipkunur forests stock flow among economic units using expressed willingness to accept compensation and to pay. In order to account for forest goods and ecosystem services, information sought on forest resources was obtained from households living near the forest. Structured questionnaires were designed for the upstream and downstream households. In administering questionnaires, a systematic random sampling technique was employed and total samples of 224 and 231 for upstream and downstream households were selected, respectively. Excel and Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version-20) was used in analysis. From the results, there were more females than males in upstream than downstream and more males in downstream than females with the mean age of respondents being 44.47 and 43.42 years, respectively. Again, both study areas depicted mean households’ size of 6 persons. Major economic activity for upstream was agriculture, while for downstream were depended on formal jobs and entrepreneurial ventures owed to high education level among households heads. Further, study results showed upstream households expressed high conservation value for the selected forest attributes of fuelwood, water supply, food supply and biodiversity than downstream forests resources, which was seen to be influenced by satiation effect. In conclusion, existences of variation on expressed willingness to conserve for specific forest attributes was influenced by satiation effect. It is recommended for the formulation of policy incentives that corrects redistribution imbalance in resources conservation among economic units in order to reflect Kaldor-Hicks compensation tests.
Abstract: Public forests provide a variety of goods and services to communities whose opportunity cost is related to the value of alternative goods and services. This study sought to assess expressed conservation value of Kipkunur forests stock flow among economic units using expressed willingness to accept compensation and to pay. In order to account for fo...
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The Influence of Biocatalytic Plant Extracts on Biogas Production from Kitchen Wastes at Cryo-mesophilic Temperature Regimes
Bakari Chaka,
Aloys Osano,
Justin Maghanga,
Martin Magu
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 5, October 2019
Pages:
96-105
Received:
8 September 2019
Accepted:
5 October 2019
Published:
21 October 2019
Abstract: Radicalization in waste-to-energy systems are on the rise to meet human energy demands. Biogas generation from kitchen wastes is one such scheme, though affected by poor yields and methane levels at low temperatures. In this research, biocatalytic extracts with fermentative properties were hereby assessed on their potential to fasten these processes and increase the biogas yield at ambient temperatures. The variations in kitchen waste substrate anaerobic parameters and elemental composition as well as biogas yields and methane levels were monitored in a 28-day retention period. Three 40-liter batch and unstirred bio-digesters containing biocatalysts Terminalia b., Acanthaceae spp. and a control setup were used. The results indicated rapid saccharification rates in the samples with additives. Terminalia b. additives exhibited high volatile solids hydrolysis rate of 98.3% followed by Acanthaceae spp. (50.8%) and control sample (29.4%). Similar trends were observed in organic carbon reduction as the levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur linearly increased. The biocatalysts did not affect substrate pH, volatile fatty acids and alkalinity levels. Terminalia b. sample produced 2.32 folds higher while Acanthaceae spp. sample produced 1.375 folds higher than the control sample. Terminalia b. methane levels were highest (45.475±0.922%) followed by the control sample (41.750±1.401) and Acanthaceae spp. sample (39.275±0.263%) after 28-day retention period at 19.5±0.5°C. Use of these biocatalysts in biofuel synthesis can thus optimize biogas production leading to greener economies.
Abstract: Radicalization in waste-to-energy systems are on the rise to meet human energy demands. Biogas generation from kitchen wastes is one such scheme, though affected by poor yields and methane levels at low temperatures. In this research, biocatalytic extracts with fermentative properties were hereby assessed on their potential to fasten these processe...
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