Innovative Rainmaking Technology by Laser System Initiation Endothermic Reactions in a Way of Natural Lightning Phenomena in the Atmosphere
Shivshankar Kanhuji Chopkar,
Dipak Chakrabarty
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 3, June 2021
Pages:
67-70
Received:
24 September 2020
Accepted:
21 October 2020
Published:
16 June 2021
Abstract: In the atmosphere, after lightning, precipitation is formed and heavy rainfall occurs. This is a well-known process. This natural lighting phenomenon has been practically demonstrated in the laboratory cloud chamber, A laser beam has to be shot into the cloud region of the atmosphere to create high temperature. This high temperature will break the bonds of atmospheric N2 and O2 and produce N and O which will be in excited state (N*, O*). These excited N* and O* are very unstable. They immediately fall to the ground state through endothermic reactions. These endothermic reactions absorb heat from the cloud region. As a result, temperature of the cloud region falls, condensation takes place, form rain drops, act as natural seeds are created and it rains. Its use as rain drain by Laser system from ground for Green environment. “Laser photons photo-dissociate atmospheric compounds N2 and O2 and form ozone (O3) and nitrogen molecules (NO). Increase of O3 and NO concentration after lightning has also been experimentally observed. That this lightning phenomenon created through artificial lightning by laser system can produce rain in the atmosphere has been practically proved as “Laser-induced water condensation in air”. Scientists have succeeded in obtaining raindrops from an altitude of 45 to 75m of the atmosphere by terawatt mobile laser. IRRA Scientist Group propose laser system of specification: 1012watt, 800nm, 500mJ, 120fs and 10Hz for this research project. The results could be of immense benefit to human being.
Abstract: In the atmosphere, after lightning, precipitation is formed and heavy rainfall occurs. This is a well-known process. This natural lighting phenomenon has been practically demonstrated in the laboratory cloud chamber, A laser beam has to be shot into the cloud region of the atmosphere to create high temperature. This high temperature will break the ...
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The Impact of Resettlement Program on Livelihoods of Indigenous Community, the Case of Esira District in Dawuro Zone, SNNPRS
Markos Mamude,
Girma Alemu
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 3, June 2021
Pages:
71-75
Received:
30 March 2021
Accepted:
26 June 2021
Published:
13 July 2021
Abstract: Resettlement program is a measure taken to reduce the problems of food insecurity and household income diversification. However, improper implementations of the program have negative impact on socio-economic and environmental related issues particularly natural resource degradation which causes LU/LC change in the study area. In the context Ethiopian, resettlement has been carried out both voluntary and involuntary nature. Voluntary resettlement program occurred with the individual interest without any external influences, whereas involuntary is related with massively implemented through government policy. This study was carried out to analyze impact of resettlement program on livelihood of indigenous community in Esira district, Dawuro zone. The livelihood strategies of indigenous community before and after resettlement program where assessed using questionnaire, key informant interviews and filed observations. The finding of this study shows that, after resettlement program the indigenous community faces the problems of access to communal resource utilizations such as common grazing area and Forest, limitation of cattle number, limited annual source of income and shifting of economic activates. On other, the resettlement program brought positive impacts for indigenous community by introducing some of fruits like avocado, mango, banana and ginger which is not familiar before the resettlement program in the study area. Based on finding, it is recommended that well planned resettlement program by considering the existed indigenous community and the newly settler through mutual benefit natural resource.
Abstract: Resettlement program is a measure taken to reduce the problems of food insecurity and household income diversification. However, improper implementations of the program have negative impact on socio-economic and environmental related issues particularly natural resource degradation which causes LU/LC change in the study area. In the context Ethiopi...
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